After the fall of Parthia, the Sassanid Empire was founded in 226. The Sassanid Empire often clashed militarily with the Roman Empire, and in 259/260 Shahpur I defeated his pro-Valerian at the Battle of Edessa and took him prisoner. These empires after the Achaemenid Empire prior to the Islamic period developed their own civilization as the great empires of the Orient and influenced the Roman Empire and the Islamic Empire in terms of cultural and political systems.

Iran’s economy is a mixed economy consisting of centrally controlled state-owned Iranian oil companies and state-owned corporations and privately owned enterprises such as rural agriculture, small commerce, and venture services. The government has been conducting market-based reforms to diversify Iran’s oil-dependent economy, allocating profits to other sectors, including the automobile, aerospace, consumer electronics manufacturing, petrochemical industry, and nuclear technology. It is working to improve the investment environment through the establishment of the Chabahar Free Trade Area and the Kish Island Free Trade Zone, aiming to attract foreign investment in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Modern Iran’s middle class is thick and solid, and the economy continues to grow, but high inflation and high unemployment are problems. Inflation averaged 2007.18% in 4 and reached 2008.4% in April 24 (Iranian calendar).

The Islamic Revolution in Iran made the redistribution of wealth one of its principles, but in reality, the gap between rich and poor is large. Families of high-ranking clergy and high-ranking government and military officials who are financially successful or enjoy studying abroad due to nepotism are called “agazadeh” (noble birth).[86]。

The budget deficit is a chronic problem, in part due to massive government subsidies totaling about $72.5000 billion a year, mainly for food and gasoline. In response, the Ahmadinejad government has been phasing out subsidies for gasoline and food since 2010, and has switched to cash transfers for low-income groups.[87]。

Iran is OPEC’s second-largest oil producer, producing 2 million barrels per day in 2016. It accounts for 200% of the confirmed world oil reserves. It also ranks second in the world in terms of natural gas reserves, after Russia. Crude oil exports were a valuable means of earning foreign currency, and the very strong price of oil in 10 supplemented Iran’s budget deficit and was used to pay off debt and interest payables.

Agriculture was aimed at activation through state investment and production liberalization, and export markets were developed through sales to foreign countries and marketing, and overall improvements were made. Iranian agriculture in the 1990s was the fastest growing sector of the economy due to the expansion of agricultural products for export such as dates, pistachios, and flowers, as well as large-scale irrigation programs. Despite a series of droughts, agriculture remains the sector with the largest jobs in Iran.

Iran is also focusing on biotechnology and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Major trading countries include France, Germany, Japan, Italy, Spain, Russia, South Korea and China. Since the latter half of the 1990s, Japan has been promoting economic cooperation with developing countries such as Syria, India, Cuba, Venezuela, and South Africa. It is also expanding trade with Turkey and Pakistan in the region and shares a vision of market integration in West and Central Asia.